The theory of planned behavior and alcohol protective behavioral strategies: a prospective study examining the role of habit and gender invariance.

OBJECTIVES: Alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) have consistently shown to be effective in reducing alcohol use and its associated consequences. We aimed to examine the explanatory value of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for using five PBS, studying the role of habit, and its potential variation across genders. METHODS: Targeted sampling was used to recruit 339 young adults in the community (women = 50.7%; mean age = 2.21[SD = 2.21]), who completed baseline and 2-month follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS: The explained variance of the TPB ranged from 58-68% for intention to use PBS, and 18-50% for behavior. The inclusion of habit produced increases of 17-26% in explained variance in intention, while explained variance in behavior remained similar. Habit was the strongest predictor of intention to use PBS, followed by attitude. Except for one behavior (drinking slowly), habits did not moderate the intention-behavior relationship, and the explanatory value of the TPB did not differ across genders. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the utility of the TPB as an explanatory model of alcohol PBS, along with the need to include habits within the framework of dual-process models. Interventions aimed at promoting alcohol PBS could be optimized by targeting attitudes towards PBS and habits.

Drunkenness and Regretted Online Social Risk Behaviors: The Role of Social Drinking Motives and Positive Urgency.

Background: Alcohol use and the use of social media and other forms of digital communications is characteristic of young adults. The present study prospectively examined the relationship between social drinking motives and positive urgency and the engagement in regretted online social risk behaviors while drunk (having posted on social media, called or texted someone, or been visibly drunk in a photo) among a community sample of young adults. Methods: Using a targeted sampling procedure, we accessed a baseline sample of 360 young adults aged 18-25 years old from the community. Of these, 339 (mean age: 21.1 [SD = 2.21]; female = 50.7%) completed 2-month follow-up measures. Results: Social drinking motives and the tendency to act impulsively under conditions of positive affect (i.e. positive urgency) were measured at baseline, and frequency of regretted online social risk behaviors were measured at follow-up. Results showed that baseline social drinking motives were positively associated with all three regretted online social risk behaviors examined at follow-up. Higher baseline positive urgency scores were associated with a higher frequency of regretted posting on social media and calling or texting someone while drunk at follow-up. Conclusions: Our findings support the inclusion of positive urgency and social drinking motives as key components of preventive interventions aimed at reducing potential negative consequences of using social media and other forms of digital communications while under the effects of alcohol.

Harm Reduction Strategies among University Students Who Use Alcohol and Cannabis, and Related Psychological Variables: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review identifies the psychological variables associated with the use of harm reduction strategies (HRS) among university students who use alcohol or cannabis. The reviewed studies are categorized according to the psychological variables studied and the different analytic approaches used (direct effects, mediation, and moderation). Among the empirical peer-reviewed studies identified (n = 76), most (94.7%) were cross-sectional studies conducted in the US (90.8%) with samples of alcohol-using university students (86.8%). Five categories were identified: mental health, motives/expectancies, personality, social cognition, and self-efficacy. The most studied constructs were motives, anxiety and depression, impulsivity, and social norms. Most studies conducted mediation or moderation analyses including psychological variables, HRS and alcohol outcomes. Social, enhancement and coping motives, impulsivity, and social norms of alcohol use were associated with lower use of HRS, which, in turn, was associated with a higher number of alcohol/cannabis outcomes. The results of moderation studies consistently suggest that HRS use was more protective for students with poor mental health, high impulsivity, and low self-regulation. The synthesis of evidence provided in this review could be useful for guiding future research and informing the design of interventions aimed at promoting the use of HRS among university students who use alcohol and/or cannabis.

Predictive Utility of Protective Behavioral Strategies for Alcohol-Related Outcomes in a Community Sample of Young Adults.

OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies have shown that protective behavioral strategies (PBS) predict alcohol use and its related consequences in college students, it is not known whether a broader population of young adults also benefit from PBS use. We longitudinally examined the relationship between PBS use and alcohol-related outcomes in a community sample of young adults composed of college students and noncollege individuals. METHOD: Targeted sampling was used to access 339 young adults in the community (mean age = 21.1 [SD = 2.21], 50.7% female; 59.0% college students) who completed baseline and 2-month follow-up measures. Three types of PBS were examined: manner of drinking, stopping/limiting drinking, and serious harm reduction. Regression analyses were conducted to test the predictive utility of PBS use on alcohol-related consequences, frequency and quantity of alcohol used, and binge drinking. RESULTS: Manner of drinking strategies were the strongest predictors of decreased alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. Baseline manner of drinking scores were negatively associated with quantity of alcohol used, binge drinking, and alcohol-related consequences at follow-up. Serious harm reduction was longitudinally related to a lower frequency of alcohol consumption, stopping/limiting drinking was not associated with any outcome, and total PBS score was associated with all study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings could benefit health promotion by informing the design of preventive interventions for reducing alcohol use and attendant health-related negative consequences in the young adult community. These results may also be of value in extending the applicability of PBS findings to a broader alcohol-using population of young adults beyond those exclusively composed of college students.

Coordinated treatment between addiction and mental health services vs. uncoordinated treatment for patients with dual diagnosis: higher dropout rates but lower impairement of functional disability.

Dual pathology is often found in addiction and mental health centers. Although there are integrated services for these patients, most countries have developed joint action protocols between addiction and mental health centers. The objective is to analyze the progress of patients diagnosed with dual pathology, comparing the therapeutic outcomes of those who exclusively attend either addiction or mental health centers with those patients who follow a program in which the two services are coordinated. It is hypothesized that patients assisted in coordinate manner will present a better evolution on psychopathological symptomatology, drug use and functional impairment.

Tratamiento coordinado entre centros de adicciones y salud mental vs. tratamiento no coordinado para pacientes con patología dual: mayor abandono, pero menor deterioro de la discapacidad funcional / Coordinated treatment between centres addiction and mental health centres vs. uncoordinated treatment for patients with dual pathology: greater dropout, but less deterioration of functional disability

Introducción: Los pacientes con patología dual son generalmente tratados en centros de salud mental y adicciones.Aunque hay servicios integrados para estos pacientes, lo máscomún es desarrollar protocolos de actuación conjunta entreestos centros. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el progreso terapéutico de pacientes diagnosticados de patologíadual, comparando los resultados de pacientes atendidos enlos centros de adicciones exclusivamente, de salud mentalo bien atendidos de manera coordinada entre ambos servicios. La hipótesis es que los pacientes atendidos de maneracoordinada presentarán una mejor evolución en términos dela sintomatología psicopatológica, consumo de drogas y discapacidad funcional.Método. La muestra está formada por 182 pacientesatendidos en centros de adicción (n = 62), de salud mental (n= 51) y tratados a través del protocolo de actuación conjunta(n = 62). Los instrumentos administrados fueron la WHODAS2.0, BSI-18 y la SDSS.Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la evaluación basal y el seguimiento ni en la WHODAS 2.0 ni en el BSI-18. Se encontróun incremento del consumo de cocaína en los tres grupos,aunque fue estadísticamente significativa en los pacientesde adicciones y de salud mental. Hubo una mayor tasa deabandono del tratamiento en los pacientes atendidos de manera coordinada. En términos de cambio fiable, entre los pacientes atendidos de manera coordinada hubo más pacientesque mejoraron en la WHODAS 2.0.Conclusiones. Los hándicaps de asistir a dos redes asistenciales pueden estar explicando el mayor abandono de lospacientes que siguen el protocolo de actuación conjunta. Sinembargo, los pacientes que se mantienen en esta modalidadterapéutica muestran un menor deterioro de la funcionalidad en comparación con las otras dos modalidades. (AU)

Background: Dual pathology is often found in addictionand mental health centers. Although there are integratedservices for these patients, most countries have developedjoint action protocols between addiction and mental healthcenters. The objective is to analyze the progress of patientsdiagnosed with dual pathology, comparing the therapeuticoutcomes of those who exclusively attend either addictionor mental health centers with those patients who followa program in which the two services are coordinated. It ishypothesized that patients assisted in coordinate mannerwill present a better evolution on psychopathological symptomatology, drug use and functional impairment. Methods. The sample was 182 dual pathology patientstreated in addictions centers (n=62), mental health centers(n=51) and treated in a coordinated manner (n=62). The instruments administered was WHODAS 2.0, BSI-18 and SDSS.Results. In general, no statistically significant differences were found between baseline and follow up inWHODAS and BSI-18. More cocaine use was found inthree groups but was statistically significant in patientsattended by addictions center and mental health centers.High percentages of abandonment were found in patientsattending coordinate services. In terms of reliable change, among those receiving the coordinated treatment,there were more patients who showed improvements inthe WHODAS 2.0 dimensions.Conclusions. The inconvenience caused by going to different treatment networks may partially explain these resultsrelated with abandonment. However, patients who remain intreatment in coordinated services, show lower functionalitydeterioration than patients in other modalities. (AU)

Profiles of patients with cocaine and alcohol use disorder based on cognitive domains and their relationship with relapse.

BACKGROUND: Relapse in drug use constitutes a research topic on addiction that is relevant for understanding both the addictive process and its clinical implications. The objective of this study was to explore if it is possible to identify patient profiles according to their performance on cognitive tasks whilst examining the relationship between such profiles and relapse. METHODS: The sample consisted of 222 patients with dependence on cocaine and / or alcohol, of which 86 % were men. Cognitive domains related to salience, decision- making, and emotional processing were measured. RESULTS: Latent class analysis revealed three patient profiles that differ in terms of performance on cognitive tasks. Two of these profiles are clearly differentiated in terms of their execution of the impulsive decision-making task. The third patient profile, unlike the latter two, is composed of patients with severe alterations in the three domains evaluated. Analysis revealed that patients in Profile 3 are those with the highest rates of relapse in cocaine (Profile 1 = 40.3 %; Profile 2 = 35.6 %; Profile 3 = 69.2 %; Chi2 = 9.169; p < .05) and cocaine and alcohol use (Profile 1 = 55.1 %; Profile 2 = 54.1 %; Profile 3 = 80 %; Chi2 = 6.698; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the postulates of the I-RISA model. From a clinical perspective, these findings highlight the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the cognitive domains involved in addiction.

Spanish Adaptation of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (S-PBSS-20) and Evaluation of its Psychometric Properties in University Students / Adaptación Española de la Escala de Estrategias Conductuales de Protección-20 (S-PBSS-20) y Evaluación de sus Propiedades Psicométricas en Estudiantes Universitarios

BACKGROUND: Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) have shown utility in reducing alcohol-related negative consequences. The Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS) is one of the most widely used and well-validated instruments for evaluating these strategies. However, a Spanish adaptation of this or any other measure of PBS is not available. We aimed to provide a Spanish version of PBSS-20 and examine its psychometric properties. METHOD: We recruited 538 undergraduate students from three Spanish universities (mean age = 21.2; females = 78%). Measures included the Spanish-PBSS-20 (S-PBSS-20), Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), Daily Drinking Questionnaire, and frequency of alcohol use, drunkenness, and binge drinking. RESULTS: Our results support the use of the original 3-factor structure of the PBSS-20. Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.71-0.77, and evidence of validity was provided according to the expected relationships with other variables. Exploratory factor analyses provided evidence of convergent/discriminant validity of S-PBSS-20. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PBSS-20 is a useful instrument for assessing protective behavioral strategies in alcohol users. The S-PBSS-20 could be useful for research on alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies and consequences, and could also inform the design of educational interventions for promoting the use of protective strategies and reducing alcohol-related negative consequences

ANTECEDENTES: las estrategias conductuales de protección (ECP) han mostrado utilidad para reducir las consecuencias negativas del alcohol. La Escala de Estrategias Conductuales de Protección (PBSS) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados y validados para evaluar estas estrategias. Sin embargo, no contamos con una adaptación española de este u otro instrumento para medir ECP. OBJETIVO: aportar una versión española de la PBSS-20 y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. MÉTODO: participaron 538 estudiantes de tres universidades españolas (edad media = 21,2; mujeres = 78%), administrándose el Cuestionario de Consecuencias del Consumo de Alcohol en Jóvenes Adultos (YAACQ) y el Cuestionario de Consumo Diario de alcohol. Se recogió información sobre frecuencia de consumo, borracheras y atracón. RESULTADOS: los resultados apoyan el uso de la PBSS-20 original con una estructura de tres factores. La fiabilidad como consistencia interna osciló entre 0.71-0.77 y se aportaron evidencias de validez según las relaciones teóricas esperadas. El análisis factorial exploratorio aportó evidencias de validez convergente/discriminante. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados apoyan la utilidad de la PBSS-20 para medir ECP en consumidores de alcohol. La S-PBSS-20 puede ser útil tanto para la investigación sobre ECP, como para orientar intervenciones educativas de promoción de estas estrategias y de reducción de consecuencias negativas asociadas al alcohol

Spanish Adaptation of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (S-PBSS-20) and Evaluation of its Psychometric Properties in University Students.

BACKGROUND: Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) have shown utility in reducing alcohol-related negative consequences. The Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS) is one of the most widely used and well-validated instruments for evaluating these strategies. However, a Spanish adaptation of this or any other measure of PBS is not available. We aimed to provide a Spanish version of PBSS-20 and examine its psychometric properties. METHOD: We recruited 538 undergraduate students from three Spanish universities (mean age = 21.2; females = 78%). Measures included the Spanish-PBSS-20 (S-PBSS-20), Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), Daily Drinking Questionnaire, and frequency of alcohol use, drunkenness, and binge drinking. RESULTS: Our results support the use of the original 3-factor structure of the PBSS-20. Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.71-0.77, and evidence of validity was provided according to the expected relationships with other variables. Exploratory factor analyses provided evidence of convergent/discriminant validity of S-PBSS-20. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PBSS-20 is a useful instrument for assessing protective behavioral strategies in alcohol users. The S-PBSS-20 could be useful for research on alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies and consequences, and could also inform the design of educational interventions for promoting the use of protective strategies and reducing alcohol-related negative consequences.

Patterns of Simultaneous Polysubstance Use among Partygoers: Correlates and Differences in Adverse Acute Effects Experienced.

This study identifies patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) in partygoers, their associated characteristics, and their differences in terms of acute effects experienced. We used a web-based survey with 1345 partygoers who reported using at least one substance during the past year, collecting information on drug use and drug-related acute effects experienced at the last party attended. Latent class analysis identified three SPU profiles according to the use of nine substances: low polysubstance use (67.7%), moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens (11.6%), and extensive polysubstance use/stimulants (20.7%). These profiles differed in their sociodemographic characteristics and were associated with different odds of experiencing adverse drug-related effects. Compared with participants with a profile of low polysubstance use or moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens, those in the extensive polysubstance use/stimulants group were at higher odds of experiencing memory impairment, tachycardia, and bad mood after drug use. The only differences between the low polysubstance use and moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens groups were in terms of hangover and headache experiences, which were less likely in the latter group (who consume less alcohol). Knowledge regarding the acute adverse drug-related effects experienced by partygoers who use multiple drugs can help to develop interventions for reducing drug-related risks in this population.

Capacidad discriminativa del deterioro funcional del Inventario de Personalidad DMS-5 Short Form en pacientes con trastorno por uso de sustancias / Discriminative capacity for functional impairment of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form in patients with substance use disorder

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Classical test theory and item response theory produced differences on estimation of reliable clinical index in World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0.

OBJECTIVE: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 is currently one of the most used instruments in disability assessment. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinically reliable change of WHODAS 2.0 by applying both Classical Test Theory (CTT) and the Item Response Theory (IRT). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The sample consisted of 179 patients with dual pathology. The standard error of measurement (SEM) was estimated using the CTT and the rating testlet model. RESULTS: Reliability estimated by Cronbach's alpha provided acceptable values for all domains. The Rasch analysis revealed an adequate capacity to discriminate between people with high and low disability in terms of total scores but not in terms of domains. The SEM varies according to the baseline scores, failing to detect clinically reliable change in patients with lower scores. Kappa coefficients are low for the most of dimensions (except participation) and adequate for total scores. CONCLUSION: The use of total WHODAS 2.0 scores may be useful from a clinical perspective; however, more evidence is required for domain scores to support its usefulness. The decision to use the CTT or the IRT impacts in terms of calculating clinically reliable change.

Adaptation to the Spanish population of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) and psychometric properties. / Adaptación a la población española de la Escala de Perfil de Riesgo de Consumo de Drogas (EPRCD) y estudio de sus propiedades psicométricas.

The identification of different personality risk profiles for substance misuse is useful in preventing substance-related problems. This study aims to test the psychometric properties of a new version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) for Spanish college students. Cross-sectional study with 455 undergraduate students from four Spanish universities. A new version of the SURPS, adapted to the Spanish population, was administered with the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.652 and 0.806 for the four SURPS subscales, while reliability estimated by split-half coefficients varied from 0.686 to 0.829. The estimated test-retest reliability ranged between 0.733 and 0.868. The expected four-factor structure of the original scale was replicated. As evidence of convergent validity, we found that the SURPS subscales were significantly associated with other conceptually-relevant personality scales and significantly associated with alcohol use measures in theoretically-expected ways. This SURPS version may be a useful instrument for measuring personality traits related to vulnerability to substance use and misuse when targeting personality with preventive interventions.

La identificación de diferentes perfiles de personalidad de riesgo para el consumo problemático de drogas es útil para prevenir problemas relacionados con las drogas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva versión de la Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Estudio de diseño transversal en el que participaron 455 estudiantes de cuatro universidades españolas. La nueva versión de la SURPS adaptada a la población española fue administrada junto a la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck, la UPPS-P, el inventario de ansiedad-estado (STAI) y el test AUDIT. La consistencia interna de las cuatro subescalas de la SURPS osciló entre 0,652 y 0,806. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad por el procedimiento de dos mitades oscilaron entre 0,686 y 0,829. La estimación test-retest osciló entre 0,733 y 0,868. Se replicó la estructura factorial esperada de cuatro dimensiones. Como evidencias de validez convergente, se encontró que las subescalas de la SURPS se relacionaron significativamente con las medidas teóricamente esperadas de otras escalas de personalidad y con el consumo de alcohol. Esta versión de la SURPS constituye un instrumento útil para la medición de rasgos de personalidad relacionados con la vulnerabilidad al consumo de drogas y sus problemas relacionados, pudiendo ser utilizada para estrategias de prevención del consumo de drogas.

Adaptación a la población española de la Escala de Perfil de Riesgo de Consumo de Drogas (EPRCD) y estudio de sus propiedades psicométricas / Adaptation to the Spanish population of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) and psychometric properties

La identificación de diferentes perfiles de personalidad de riesgo para el consumo problemático de drogas es útil para prevenir problemas relacionados con las drogas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva versión de la Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Estudio de diseño transversal en el que participaron 455 estudiantes de cuatro universidades españolas. La nueva versión de la SURPS adaptada a la población española fue administrada junto a la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck, la UPPS-P, el inventario de ansiedad-estado (STAI) y el test AUDIT. La consistencia interna de las cuatro subescalas de la SURPS osciló entre 0,652 y 0,806. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad por el procedimiento de dos mitades oscilaron entre 0,686 y 0,829. La estimación test-retest osciló entre 0,733 y 0,868. Se replicó la estructura factorial esperada de cuatro dimensiones. Como evidencias de validez convergente, se encontró que las subescalas de la SURPS se relacionaron significativamente con las medidas teóricamente esperadas de otras escalas de personalidad y con el consumo de alcohol. Esta versión de la SURPS constituye un instrumento útil para la medición de rasgos de personalidad relacionados con la vulnerabilidad al consumo de drogas y sus problemas relacionados, pudiendo ser utilizada para estrategias de prevención del consumo de drogas

The identification of different personality risk profiles for substance misuse is useful in preventing substance-related problems. This study aims to test the psychometric properties of a new version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) for Spanish college students. Cross-sectional study with 455 undergraduate students from four Spanish universities. A new version of the SURPS, adapted to the Spanish population, was administered with the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.652 and 0.806 for the four SURPS subscales, while reliability estimated by split-half coefficients varied from 0.686 to 0.829. The estimated test-retest reliability ranged between 0.733 and 0.868. The expected four-factor structure of the original scale was replicated. As evidence of convergent validity, we found that the SURPS subscales were significantly associated with other conceptually-relevant personality scales and significantly associated with alcohol use measures in theoretically-expected ways. This SURPS version may be a useful instrument for measuring personality traits related to vulnerability to substance use and misuse when targeting personality with preventive interventions

Reliability, convergent and structural validity and cut-off score of the Severity of Dependence Scale for recreational ketamine users.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a lack of instruments for measuring ketamine substance use disorders. The aims were (i) to estimate the reliability and provide evidence of validity of the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) in a sample of recreational users, and (ii) propose a cut-off point to determine the presence of dependence. METHODS: We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey with recreational users who accessed webs related to recreational drug use and harm reduction. 264 recreational ketamine users who had taken it in the past month participated in the study. The Spanish version of the SDS was used. Information on ketamine use-related problems and ketamine use patterns was also collected. RESULTS: The reliability estimation calculated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.776. SDS showed evidence of convergent validity based on relationships with other variables. Two comparisons were made in this study to analyze the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. For frequency of use in the last month the area under curve (AUC) was 0.835 (CI=0.775-0.895) with optimal discrimination at an SDS score of 3. For having been in treatment for decreasing or quitting ketamine use the AUC was 0.902 (CI=0.840-0.963) and the cut-off point was 4. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a one-dimensional structure when Items 3 and 4 were correlated. CONCLUSIONS: This study has provided evidence of reliability and validity of the ketamine version of the SDS for recreational users. Considering that ketamine use is linked to young people and its strong potential for causing serious impairment, a cut-off of 3 is proposed as indicative of dependence.

Structural model of acculturation attitudes and related psychosocial variables: empirical evidence in native Spaniards.

This work falls within the framework of the study of acculturation processes of natives and immigrants. Its goal is to test an explanatory multi-group model of natives' acculturation attitudes as a function of diverse psychosocial variables: Prejudice and natives' appraisal of their own culture (in a direct way) and inter-group contact and perceived inter-group similarity (in an indirect way). Participants were 499 Spaniards surveyed for their attitude towards Romanian immigrants and 493 towards Ecuadorian immigrants. The indicators used took into account three socio-cultural spheres: peripheral, intermediate and central areas. This multi-group model shows an adequate fit to the data.

Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática / Raves and drug use from an epidemiologic and psychosocial approach: a bibliographic systematic review

El elevado consumo de drogas que se produce en las raves y las características propias de estas fiestas las convierten en un contexto recreativo de alto riesgo para la salud de los participantes. El objetivo de esta revisión es establecer una categorización de las investigaciones sobre raves y consumo de drogas a partir de sus objetivos y principales resultados. Se discuten las necesidades de investigación/conocimiento detectadas como fruto de esta revisión. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica a través de las bases de datos Medline, Psycinfo y Psicodoc. Una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión se obtuvieron 36 artículos, clasificados en seis categorías. Los resultados han mostrado que 23 estudios tienen por objetivo el análisis del perfil psicosocial, la prevalencia y los patrones de consumo de drogas. Nueve estudios se centran en el riesgo asociado al consumo de drogas y otros nueve en sus efectos. Dado el elevado riesgo asociado a las raves y la escasez de estudios empíricos detectado, se señala la necesidad de realizar más estudios empíricos. Las evidencias que permitan guiar las estrategias de prevención y reducción de daños con ravers son insuficientes. Se detecta la necesidad de estudiar: el policonsumo, las estrategias de reducción de daños, los efectos positivos y motivaciones (AU)

The high drug use that occurs at raves and the specific characteristics of these parties make them a high risk recreational context the health of participants. The aim of this paper is to establish a categorization of research on drug use and raves according to their objectives and main results. Knowledge and research needs identified as a result of this review are discussed. To this end, a systematic review of scientific literature through Medline, Psycinfo and Psicodoc was conducted. After applying the inclusion criteria, 36 papers were obtained, classified into six categories. The results show that 23 studies aim psychosocial profile analysis, and the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Nine studies focus on risks related to drug use, and nine in the drug effects. Given the high risk associated with raves and the scarcity of empirical studies identified, the need to develop further empirical studies is addressed. There is still insufficient evidence to guide intervention strategies to prevent risks and harms among ravers. There is also a need to explore: polydrug use, harm reduction strategies, positive effects and motivations (AU)

[Raves and drug use from an epidemiologic and psychosocial approach: a bibliographic systematic review]. / Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática.

The high drug use that occurs at raves and the specific characteristics of these parties make them a high risk recreational context the health of participants. The aim of this paper is to establish a categorization of research on drug use and raves according to their objectives and main results. Knowledge and research needs identified as a result of this review are discussed. To this end, a systematic review of scientific literature through Medline, Psycinfo and Psicodoc was conducted. After applying the inclusion criteria, 36 papers were obtained, classified into six categories. The results show that 23 studies aim psychosocial profile analysis, and the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Nine studies focus on risks related to drug use, and nine in the drug effects. Given the high risk associated with raves and the scarcity of empirical studies identified, the need to develop further empirical studies is addressed. There is still insufficient evidence to guide intervention strategies to prevent risks and harms among ravers. There is also a need to explore: polydrug use, harm reduction strategies, positive effects and motivations.

Test de Actitud Prejuiciosa (TAP): Estudios de fiabilidad y evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna en autóctonos e inmigrantes / Prejudice Attitude Test (PAT): Reliability and validity evidences based on the internal structure studies in autochthonous and immigrant

Este trabajo se enmarca en el estudio del prejuicio en las poblaciones autóctona e inmigrante. El objetivo es llevar a cabo un estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva medida de la actitud de prejuicio para los diferentes grupos (mayorías y minorías), el Test de Actitud Prejuiciosa (TAP). El TAP se basa en una concepción tricomponente de la actitud prejuiciosa, considerando cogniciones, afectos e intenciones de conducta. Este trabajo muestra los resultados de las estimaciones de fiabilidad y el estudio de diversas fuentes de evidencias de validez: su estructura interna y relaciones con otras variables. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.967 participantes: 992 españoles, 500 rumanos y 475 ecuatorianos. La muestra fue seleccionada en 12 municipios con altas tasas de personas inmigrantes censadas, elegidas en cuatro comunidades autónomas de la zona mediterránea de España. El TAP presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso tanto en los grupos mayoritarios como minoritarios: una fiabilidad adecuada, una estructura interna sustantiva y relaciones con otras variables que son coherentes con el constructo en que se basa la prueba (AU)

The framework of this research is the study of prejudice between autochthonous and immigrant people. Its aim is to conduct a study of the psychometric properties of a new measure of prejudice attitude for different groups (majority and minority groups), the Prejudice Attitude Test (PAT). The PAT is based on a conceptual design of attitude with three dimensions: cognitive, emotional and conative. This work shows the results of reliability estimates and the study of validity evidences (internal structure). Sample was formed by 1967 participants: there were 992 Spanish, 500 Romanian and 475 Ecuadorian people. The sample was selected in 12 municipalities with high rates of immigrant people in their census, chosen in four autonomous communities of Spain's Mediterranean zone. The PAT shows psychometric properties suitable for its use both in majority and in minority groups: an adequate reliability, a substantive internal structure that are consistent with the construct underlying the test (AU)